In the ancient gentile world into which Paul’s gospel came, the concept of one creator God—that is, a transcendent, personal being, distinct from the cosmos, who had brought the cosmos into existence—was unknown. All ancient peoples for whom we have evidence (with the exception of the Jewish people) worshiped many gods. Moreover, the multiple gods and goddesses of the ancient Greco-Roman world—Apollo, Artemis, Aphrodite, Hermes, even the highest
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